Virginia’s Cargo: Culture Carried West

A Review and Bibliography

David Meade inherited land down on the Nansemond where the river met the James, where Meades had been since his Grandfather came over in Charles II’s time. Sent to England for schooling at seven, he returned a gentleman, sold his inheritance and purchased Maycox—six hundred acres south of the James near Westover—but the soil there was thin as Bible pages, and now he was fifty-two, his wife Sarah was forty-eight, and here they were, bound away with fifty souls to Kentucky in 1796 where he settled and built La Chaumière des Prairies.

Nineteen years before, Thomas Hardeman loaded the wagon at dawn in Pittsylvania County. Horses hitched to the front, corn sacks stacked in the bed, iron pot tied to the side, oilcloth-wrapped rifle under the seat. His wife tucked a quilt around the children. He was twenty-seven, a tenant farmer who’d worked rented plots in the Dan River lowlands, chafing under tidewater planters. Indian attacks drove his first attempt back. He tried again, settled Boone’s Creek in Watauga, fought at King’s Mountain, received 640 acres on the Little Harpeth after the war. The former tenant soon held 7,000 acres. His children spread into Georgia, Missouri, Texas, New Mexico, and California. None could be found in Virginia.

Every migration bears more than trunks and tools. One cargo rattles in the wagon bed; another rides in the blood; a third travels in the mind. David Hackett Fischer and James C. Kelly’s Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (University Press of Virginia, 2000) gathers all three to reconsider Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 “Frontier Thesis” alongside the older Altlandschaft (Germ Theory) theories of cultural inheritance. Fischer and Kelly show Virginia’s people, culture, and institutions migrated westward and south largely intact, translated across distance but never dissolved. Three centuries of evidence testify that the invisible freight endured.

Bound Away began as Away, I’m Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement, published by the Virginia Historical Society in 1993 to mark the centennial of Frederick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis. Fischer and Kelly compiled the exhibition catalog, which explains the book’s visual richness—maps of migration routes, portraits of settlers, landscapes of river valleys, and photographs of furniture and tools that made the trip west. This visual record matters, because it grounds abstraction in objects—the heft of a surveyor’s chain, the wear of a family Bible. Readers and collectors alike will find it a worthy shelf-mate beside Albion’s Seed.

The story unfolds in three waves. First, migration to Virginia: cavalier elite and indentured servants from southern England in the 1600s, bringing Anglican religion, hierarchical order, a culture of honor. Then migration within Virginia: from Tidewater to Piedmont to the Shenandoah Valley through the 1700s, each stage expanding the pattern. Finally, migration beyond Virginia: after the Revolution and into the nineteenth century, when half a million Virginians by 1850 lived in other states, carrying their inheritance to Kentucky and Tennessee, Ohio and Missouri, Alabama and Texas.

The laws Kentucky wrote were Virginia’s laws. The land Alabama surveyed followed Virginia’s measures. The universities Tennessee built borrowed Virginia’s honor codes. The Old Dominion looked west and recognized itself: the same legal structures, the same social hierarchies, the same folkways down to how men pronounced earthworm versus redworm. They built houses with the same floor plans, entertained with the same hospitality, and guarded the same hierarchies. It is a powerful argument, and in part persuasive. Anyone who has read Fischer’s Albion’s Seed will recognize the method: folkways as markers of continuity.

Bound Away deserves attention from anyone interested in Southern migration, Virginia history, or the question of how American culture formed.

Bibliography of Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement

Introduction: Historiography, Theory, and Method

A. The Frontier Thesis and Its Critics

“A Centennial Symposium on the Significance of Frederick Jackson Turner.” Journal of the Early Republic 13 (1993). Note: Special issue dedicated to Turner’s legacy.

Adams, Herbert Baxter. “Report of Proceedings of Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association.” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893, 1894.

Bennett, James D. Frederick Jackson Turner. Twayne’s United States Authors Series. Twayne, 1975.

Benson, Lee. Turner and Beard: American Historical Writing Reconsidered. Free Press, 1960.

Billington, Ray Allen. Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher. Oxford University Press, 1973.

Billington, Ray Allen, and Martin Ridge. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. 4th ed. Macmillan, 1974.

Grossman, James R., ed. The Frontier in American Culture. University of California Press, 1994.

Hayes, Carlton J. H. “The American Frontier—Frontier of What?” American Historical Review 51 (1945–46): 199–216.

Johns Hopkins University. Herbert Baxter Adams: Tributes of Friends. The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Extra no. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1902.

Mattson, Vernon E., and William E. Marion. Frederick Jackson Turner: A Reference Guide. G. K. Hall, 1985. Note: Contains an excellent bibliography arranged by year.

Turner, Frederick Jackson. “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893, 1894.

Wilson, Woodrow. “The Making of the Nation.” Atlantic Monthly 80 (1897): 1–14.

Wilson, Woodrow. “The Proper Perspective of American History.” Forum 19 (1895): 544–59. Note: One of the first extended discussions of Turner’s thesis to appear in print.

B. Alternative Settlement Models and Cultural Geography

Fischer, David Hackett. Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford University Press, 1989.

Wilhelm, Hubert G. W. “Settlement and Selected Landscape Imprints in the Ohio Valley.” In Robert L. Reid, ed., Always a River: The Ohio River and the American Experience, 59–89. Indiana University Press, 1991. Note: Wilhelm develops the “Altlandschaft” model of settlement geography.

Zelinsky, Wilbur. The Cultural Geography of the United States: A Revised Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1973. Reprint, 1992. Note: Zelinsky advanced the “doctrine of first effective settlement.”

C. Mobility, Expansion, and Economic Theory

Barnhart, John Donald. Valley of Democracy: The Frontier versus the Plantation in the Ohio Valley, 1775–1818. Indiana University Press, 1953.

Juricek, John T. “American Usage of the Word ‘Frontier,’ from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 110 (1966): 10–34.

Pierson, George W. The Moving American. Knopf, 1973.

Potter, David M. People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character. Charles R. Walgreen Foundation Lectures. University of Chicago Press, 1954.

Simler, Norman J. “The Safety-Valve Doctrine Re-evaluated.” Agricultural History 32 (1958): 37–45.

D. Slavery, Serfdom, and Labor Systems

Kolchin, Peter. Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom. Harvard University Press, 1987.

Nieboer, Herman J. Slavery as an Industrial System: Ethnological Researches. 1910. Reprint, Johnson Reprint, 1971.

E. The New Western History

Cronon, William, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds. Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America’s Western Past. Norton, 1992.

Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. Norton, 1987.

Milner, Clyde A., ed. A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West. Oxford University Press, 1996.

Nash, Gerald D. Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, 1890–1990. University of New Mexico Press, 1991.

Riebsame, William E., ed. Atlas of the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region. W. W. Norton, 1997.

White, Richard. “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”: A New History of the American West. University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

Part I: Origins—Migration to Virginia (1607–1750)

1. English Origins and Early Colonization

A. Migration Patterns in Early Modern England

Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642. Oxford University Press, 1968.

Clark, Peter, and David Souden, eds. Migration and Society in Early Modern England. Hutchinson, 1987.

Hanley, Hugh. “Population Mobility in Buckinghamshire, 1573–1643.” Local Population Studies (1973): 43–58.

Hey, David G. An English Rural Community: Myddle under the Tudors and Stuarts. Leicester University Press, 1974.

Patten, John. English Towns, 1500–1700. Dawson, 1978.

Slack, Paul. “Vagrants and Vagrancy in England, 1598–1664.” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 27 (1974): 360–79.

B. The Peopling of British North America

Bailyn, Bernard. The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction. Knopf, 1986.

Bailyn, Bernard. Voyagers to the West: Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. Knopf, 1986.

Meinig, Donald W. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800. Yale University Press, 1986.

Steele, Ian K. The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community. Oxford University Press, 1986.

C. Early Virginia: Narratives and Settlement (Primary Sources)

Barbour, Philip L., ed. The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631). 3 vols. University of North Carolina Press; Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1986.

Fiore, Jordan D., ed. Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims of Plymouth. Plymouth Rock Foundation, 1985.

Quinn, David Beers, ed. The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590: Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America. 2 vols. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, 2nd ser., vols. 104–105. Hakluyt Society, 1955.(v1, v2)

Quinn, David Beers, ed. The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 2 vols. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, 2nd ser., vols. 83–84. Hakluyt Society, 1940. (v1, v2)

Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles…. 1624.

Smith, John. The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia. 1612.

Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed., Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625. Original Narratives of Early American History. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907.

D. Jamestown and Early Virginia: Secondary Studies

Axtell, James. After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. Oxford University Press, 1988.

Craven, Wesley Frank. The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607–1689. Vol. 1 of A History of the South, edited by Wendell Holmes Stephenson and E. Merton Coulter. Louisiana State University Press, 1949.

Craven, Wesley Frank. White, Red, and Black: The Seventeenth-Century Virginian. University Press of Virginia, 1971.

Lemay, J. A. Leo. The American Dream of Captain John Smith. University Press of Virginia; British Library, 1991.

Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. Norton, 1975.

Morton, Richard L. Colonial Virginia. 2 vols. University of North Carolina Press, 1960. (v1, v2)

E. Early Demographic Studies

Hecht, Irene W. D. “The Virginia Muster of 1624/5 as a Source for Demographic History.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 30 (1973): 65–92. (1624/5 Muster Databases)

Hening, William Waller, comp. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia. 13 vols. 1809–23.

2. The Cavalier Elite and Colonial Governance

A. The Cavalier Migration Debate

Billings, Warren M. “Sir William Berkeley—Portrait by Fischer: A Critique.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (1991): 583–97.

Bridenbaugh, Carl. Myths and Realities: Societies of the Colonial South. Louisiana State University Press, 1952.

Fischer, David Hackett. “Rejoinder.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (1991): 598–611.

Manahan, John E. “The Cavalier Remounted: A Study of the Origins of Virginia’s Population, 1607–1770.” PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1946.

B. Sir William Berkeley and the Colonial Elite

Berkeley, Sir William. A Discourse and View of Virginia. 1663. Reprint, 1914.

Carson, Jane Dennison. “Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia: A Study in Colonial Policy.” PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1951.

Moryson, Francis, ed. The Lawes of Virginia Now in Force, Collected out of the Assembly Records, and Digested into One Volume. 1662.

Sainsbury, W. N., ed. “Virginia in 1666–1667.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 21 (1913): 121–39.

C. The English Civil War Context

Cary, Henry, ed. Memorials of the Great Civil War in England from 1646 to 1652. 2 vols. 1842.

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of. The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England Begun in the Year 1641. 5 vols. 1706–7. Reprint, 1888.

Underdown, David. Royalist Conspiracy in England, 1649–1660. Yale University Press, 1960.

D. Bacon’s Rebellion and Political Crisis

“Ingram’s Proceedings.” In “A Narrative of the Indian and Civil Wars in Virginia in the Years 1675 and 1676.” In Peter Force, ed., Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America. 4 vols., 1836–46. Reprint, 1963.

“Narratives of the Insurrections, 1676–1690.” In Original Narratives of Early American History. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915.

Washburn, Wilcomb E. The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, 1957.

Webb, Stephen Saunders. 1676: The End of American Independence. Knopf, 1984.

Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson. Torchbearer of the Revolution: The Story of Bacon’s Rebellion and Its Leader. Princeton University Press, 1940.

E. Elite Families and the Consolidation of Power

Anderson, James LaVerne. “The Governors’ Councils of Colonial America: A Study of Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1660–1776.” PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1967.

Bates-Harbin, S. W. Members of Parliament from the County of Somerset. Somerset Record Society, 1939.

Berkeley, Henry J. “The Berkeley-Berkley Family and Their Kindred in the Colonization of Virginia and Maryland.” William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd ser., 3 (1923): 1–25.

Bruce, William Cabell. John Randolph of Roanoke, 1773–1833. 2 vols. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1922.

Chickering, Arnold. “Founders of an Oligarchy: The Virginia Council, 1692–1722.” In Bruce C. Daniels, ed., Power and Status: Officeholding in Colonial America, 75–100. Wesleyan University Press, 1986.

Harrison, Fairfax. Virginia Land Grants: A Study of Conveyancing in Relation to Colonial Politics. Old Dominion Press, 1925.

Labaree, Leonard Woods. Conservatism in Early American History. New York University Press, 1948.

F. Chesapeake Regional Context

Carr, Lois Green, Philip D. Morgan, and Jean B. Russo, eds., Colonial Chesapeake Society.. University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Dunn, Richard S. Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713. University of North Carolina Press, 1972.

Menard, Russell R. “Population, Economy, and Society in Seventeenth-Century Maryland.” Maryland Historical Magazine 79 (1984): 117–42.

G. Elite Culture and Society (Primary Sources)

Bruce, Philip Alexander. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. 2 vols. Macmillan, 1895.

Bruce, Philip Alexander. Social Life of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. Whittet & Shepperson, 1907.

Fisher, George. “Narrative of George Fisher, 1750–55.” William and Mary Quarterly, 1st ser., 17 (1908–9): 150–75.

Jones, Hugh. The Present State of Virginia …. Edited by Richard Lee Morton. University of North Carolina Press, 1956.

3. Bound White Labor: Servants and Convicts

A. General Studies of Indentured Servitude

Ballagh, James Curtis. White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia: A Study of the System of Indentured Labor in the American Colonies. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 13, nos. 6–7. Johns Hopkins Press, 1895.

Galenson, David. White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Smith, Abbot Emerson. Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607–1776. University of North Carolina Press, 1947.

B. Servant Migration and Recruitment

Eltis, James. “Servant Emigration to the Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century.” In Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society, 127–52. University of North Carolina Press, 1979.

Moller, Herbert. “Sex Composition and Correlated Culture Patterns of Colonial America.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 2 (1945): 113–53.

Morgan, Edmund S. “Headrights and Head Counts.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 80 (1972): 361–71.

Nash, Gary B. The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1979.

Salerno, Anthony. “The Character of Emigration from Wiltshire to the American Colonies, 1630–1660.” PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1977.

C. “Spiriting” and Forced Transportation of Children

Coldham, Peter Wilson. “The ‘Spiriting’ of London Children to Virginia, 1648–1685.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 83 (1975): 280–97.

Cope, William H. A Glossary of Hampshire Words and Phrases. English Dialect Society, 1883.

Firth, C. H., ed. An American Garland: Being a Collection of Ballads Relating to America, 1563–1759. Clarendon Press, 1915.

Johnson, Robert C. “The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia, 1618–1622.” In Howard S. Reinmuth Jr., ed., Early Stuart Studies: Essays in Honor of David Harris Willson, 137–51. University of Minnesota Press, 1970.

D. Convict Transportation

Coldham, Peter Wilson. Bonded Passengers to America. Genealogical Publishing Co., 1983.

Ekirch, A. Roger. Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775. Clarendon Press, 1987.

Ekirch, A. Roger. “Bound for America: A Profile of British Convicts Transported to the Colonies, 1718–1775.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 42 (1985): 173–200.

Kaminkow, Marion, and Jack Kaminkow. Original Lists of Emigrants in Bondage from London to the American Colonies, 1719–1744. Magna Carta Book Company, 1967.

4. African Forced Migration and Cultural Formation

A. The Atlantic Slave Trade to Virginia

Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.

Donnan, Elizabeth, ed. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America. 4 vols. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1930–35.

Hamer, Philip M., et al., eds., The Papers of Henry Laurens. 10 vols. to date. University of South Carolina Press, 1968–.

Headlam, Cecil, ed. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1701. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1910.

Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell. American Negro Slavery. 1918; repr., Louisiana State University Press, 1966.

B. African Origins and the Middle Passage (Primary Sources)

Curtin, Philip D., ed., Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade. University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.

Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself. 2 vols. 1789.

Practical Rules for the Management and Medical Treatment of Negro Slaves, in the Sugar Colonies. 1803.

C. Slavery and Cultural Development in the Chesapeake

Breen, T. H., and Stephen Innes. “Myne Owne Ground”: Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1640–1676. Oxford University Press, 1980.

Kulikoff, Allan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800. University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

Mouer, Daniel. “Chesapeake Creoles: The Creation of Folk Culture in Colonial Virginia.” In The Archeology of Seventeenth-Century Virginia. Special Publication no. 30 of the Archeological Society of Virginia, 53–70. Archeological Society of Virginia, 1993.

Sobel, Mechal. The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia. Princeton University Press, 1987.

D. African Cultural Retentions

Hess, Karen. “Historical Notes and Commentaries on the Virginia Housewife.” In Mary Randolph, The Virginia Housewife. Facsimile of 1824 edition, with additional material from 1825 and 1828 editions. Edited by Karen Hess. University of South Carolina Press, 1984.

Linn, Karen. That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture. University of Illinois Press, 1991.

Winans, Robert. “The Banjo: From Africa to Virginia and Beyond.” In Blue Ridge Folk Instruments and Their Makers, 12–25. Blue Ridge Institute, Ferrum College, 1992.

E. Slave Voices and Perspectives (Primary Sources)

“Eighteenth-Century Maryland as Portrayed in the ‘Itinerant Observations’ of Edward Kimber.” Maryland Historical Magazine 51 (1956): 97–113.

Creswell, Nicholas. Journal, 1774–1777. Dial Press, 1924.

Perdue, Charles, Jr., Thomas E. Barden, and Robert K. Phillips, eds. Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves. University Press of Virginia, 1976.

F. Comparative Slavery Studies

Patterson, Orlando. The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development, and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1967.

Rubin, Vera D. and Arthur Tuden, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Slavery in New World Plantation Society. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 292 (1977).

5. American Indians and Colonial Contact

Egloff, Keith, and Deborah Woodward. First People: The Early Indians of Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 1992.

Lewis, Clifford M., S.J., and Albert J. Loomie, S.J. The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570–1572. University of North Carolina Press, 1953.

Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America. Prentice-Hall, 1974.

Robinson, W. Stitt. The Southern Colonial Frontier, 1607–1763. University of New Mexico Press, 1979.

Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas’s People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia through Four Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.

Savitt, Todd L. Fevers, Agues, and Cures: Medical Life in Old Virginia. Virginia Historical Society, 1990.

6. Religious Minority Migration

A. Huguenot Settlement

Alexander, Edward Porter, ed. The Journal of John Fontaine: An Irish Huguenot Son in Spain and Virginia, 1710–1719. Colonial Williamsburg, 1972.

Brock, R. A., ed. Documents, Chiefly Unpublished, Relating to the Huguenot Emigration to Virginia. Collections of the Virginia Historical Society, n.s., 5. Virginia Historical Society, 1886.

Bugg, James L., Jr. “The French Huguenot Frontier Settlement of Manakin Town.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 61 (1953): 359–64.

Butler, Jon. The Huguenots in America: A Refugee People in New World Society. Harvard University Press, 1983.

Cobb, Sanford H. The Rise of Religious Liberty in America: A History. Macmillan, 1902.

Durand of Dauphiné. A Huguenot Exile in Virginia. 1689. Reprint, Macmillan, 1934.

Fontaine, James. “Journal of John Fontaine.” In Ann Maury, comp., Memoirs of a Huguenot Family: Translated and Compiled from the Original Autobiography of the Rev. James Fontaine. Putnam, 1853.

Menk, Patricia Holbert. “Notes on Some Early Huguenot Settlements in Virginia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 52 (1944): 15–22.

B. Quaker Migration and Settlement

Edmundson, William. A Journal of the Life, Travels, Sufferings, and Labour of Love in the Work of the Ministry. 1774.

Gragg, Larry Dale. Migration in Early America: The Virginia Quaker Experience. Studies in American History and Culture, 13. Indiana University Press, 1978.

Jones, Rufus M. The Quakers in the American Colonies. 1911; repr., Norton, 1966.

Weeks, Stephen B. Southern Quakers and Slavery: A Study in Institutional History. Johns Hopkins Press, 1896.

Part II: Internal Movement—Regional Cultures within Virginia (1650–1800)

7. Tidewater Expansion and Consolidation

A. Regional Studies: Eastern Shore and Northern Neck

Dize, Frances W. Smith Island, Chesapeake Bay. Tidewater Publishers, 1990.

Perry, James R. The Formation of a Society on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1615–1655. University of North Carolina Press; Cambridge University Press, 1990.

B. Northern Neck Land Grants and Settlement

Harrison, Fairfax. Landmarks of Old Prince William. 2 vols. Old Dominion Press, 1924.

Morton, Louis. Robert Carter of Nomini Hall: A Virginia Tobacco Planter of the Eighteenth Century. 1941; repr., Colonial Williamsburg, 1964.

Wright, Louis B., ed. Letters of Robert Carter, 1720–1727: The Commercial Interests of a Virginia Gentleman. Huntington Library, 1940.

C. Tidewater Geography and Economy

Beverley, Robert. The History and Present State of Virginia. Edited by Louis B. Wright. 1705; repr., University of North Carolina Press, 1947.

Middleton, Arthur Pierce. Tobacco Coast: A Maritime History of Chesapeake Bay in the Colonial Era. Mariners’ Museum, 1953.

8. Piedmont Settlement

A. The Southside: Lunenburg and Beyond

Beeman, Richard R. The Evolution of the Southern Backcountry: A Case Study of Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1746–1832. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.

Bell, Landon C. Sunlight on the Southside: Lists of Tithes, Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1748–1783. Genealogical Publishing Co., 1931.

Turner, Susan McNeil. “The Skipwiths of Prestwould Plantation.” Virginia Cavalcade 10 (Summer 1960): 42–47.

B. William Byrd II and the Dividing Line

Beaty, Richmond C., and William J. Mullo, eds. William Byrd’s Natural History of Virginia, or The Newly Discovered Eden. Virginia Historical Society, 1940.

Byrd, William II., Louis B. Wright, ed., The Prose Works of William Byrd of Westover.. Harvard University Press, 1966.

Lockridge, Kenneth A. The Diary and Life of William Byrd II of Virginia, 1674–1744. University of North Carolina Press; Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Marambaud, Pierre. William Byrd of Westover (1674–1744). University Press of Virginia, 1971.

C. Piedmont African American Life

Kulikoff, Allan. “The Origins of Afro-American Society in Tidewater Maryland and Virginia, 1700–1790.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 35 (1978): 226–59.

9. Early Trans-Allegheny Exploration (1650–1750)

Alvord, W. H., and Lee Bidgood. The First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the Virginians, 1650–1674. Arthur H. Clark, 1912.

Briceland, Alan Vance. Westward from Virginia: The Exploration of the Virginia-Carolina Frontier, 1650–1710. University Press of Virginia, 1987.

Gaines, William H., Jr. “Abraham Wood and the Rivers of the West.” Virginia Cavalcade 4 (Autumn 1954): 20–23.

10. The Valley and Backcountry: German and Scots-Irish Settlement

A. Alexander Spotswood and the Opening of the Valley

Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. Three Virginia Frontiers. Louisiana State University Press, 1940.

Brock, R. A., ed. The Official Letters of Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, 1710–1722. Collections of the Virginia Historical Society, n.s., vols. 1–2. 2 vols. Virginia Historical Society, 1882–85.

Dodson, Leonidas. Alexander Spotswood: Governor of Colonial Virginia, 1710–1722. American Philosophical Society, 1932.

Havighurst, Walter. Alexander Spotswood: Portrait of a Governor. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1967.

B. German Migration to the Shenandoah Valley

Chappell, Edward A. “Acculturation in the Shenandoah Valley: Rhenish Houses of the Massanutten Settlement.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 124 (1980): 55–89.

Kercheval, Samuel. A History of the Valley of Virginia. 1833. 3rd rev. ed. Shenandoah Publishing House, 1902.

Wayland, John Walter. The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Shenandoah Publishing House, 1989.

Wokeck, Marianne. “Harnessing the Lure of the ‘Best Poor Man’s Country’: The Dynamics of English-Speaking Immigration to British North America, 1683–1783.” In Ida Altman and James Horn, eds., ‘To Make America’: European Emigration in the Early Modern Period, 201–42. University of California Press, 1991.

C. Ethnic Origins and Settlement Patterns

Jordan, Terry G., and Matti Kaups. The American Backwoods Frontier: An Ethnic and Ecological Interpretation. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

McDonald, Forrest, and Ellen Shapiro McDonald. “The Ethnic Origins of the American People, 1790.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 37 (1980): 179–200.

Purvis, Thomas L. “The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 37 (1980): 201–25.

Sanderlin, John B. “Ethnic Origins of Early Kentucky Land Grantees.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 85 (1987): 123–40.

D. Shenandoah Valley Community Studies

Mitchell, Robert D. Commercialism and Frontier: Perspectives on the Early Shenandoah Valley. University Press of Virginia, 1977.

Mitchell, Robert D., ed. Appalachian Frontiers: Settlement, Society, and Development in the Preindustrial Era. University Press of Kentucky, 1991.

E. Augusta County and the Upper Valley

Tillson, Albert H., Jr. Gentry and Common Folk: Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier, 1740–1789. University Press of Kentucky, 1991.

11. Virginia Society and Culture in the Eighteenth Century

A. General Social History

Bruce, Philip Alexander. Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. 2 vols. G. P. Putnam’s Sons; Constable, 1910.

Fishwick, Marshall W. Gentlemen of Virginia. Columbia University Press, 1961.

Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. 1787.

Lewis, Jan. The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson’s Virginia. Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Palmer, W. P., ed. Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts, 1652–1781. 11 vols. Virginia State Library, 1875–93.

B. The Cavalier Myth and Cultural Identity

Caruthers, William Alexander. The Knights of the Horse-Shoe: A Traditionary Tale of the Cocked Hat Gentry in the Old Dominion. Elmore County Literary Association, 1845.

Davis, Curtis Carroll. Chronicler of the Cavaliers: A Life of the Reverend James B. Taylor. Dietz Press, 1969.

Osterweis, Rollin G. Romanticism and Nationalism in the Old South. Yale University Press, 1949.

Taylor, William R. Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American National Character. Oxford University Press, 1961.

C. Language and Dialect

McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. Viking, 1986.

Nixon, Phyllis J. “A Glossary of Virginia Words.” Publication of the American Dialect Society 5 (1946): 1–20.

12. Cartography and Geographic Knowledge

Martin, Lawrence. “Warner’s Map of the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers.” William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd ser., 19 (1939): 20–34.

Sanchez-Saavedra, E. M. A Description of the Country: Virginia Cartographers and Their Maps, 1607–1881. Virginia State Library, 1975.

Schöpf, Johann David. Travels in the Confederation. Translated and edited by Alfred J. Morrison. 2 vols. 1788. Reprint, Burt Franklin, 1968.

Part III: The Great Exodus—Virginians Move West (1750–1860)

13. General Works on Western Migration

A. Contemporary Accounts and Travel Narratives

Brissot de Warville, J. P. Nouveau voyage dans les États-Unis de l’Amérique, 1791. Edited by Durand Echeverria. Harvard University Press, 1964.

Filson, John. The Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucky. 1784. Reprint, Corinth Books, 1962.

Tinling, Marion, and Godfrey Davies, eds. The Western Country in 1793: Reports on Kentucky and Virginia. Huntington Library, 1947.

Weld, Isaac, Jr. Travels through the States of North America, and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. 2 vols. John Stockdale, 1799.

B. Migration Narratives: Family Perspectives

Cashin, Joan E. A Family Venture: Men and Women on the Southern Frontier. Oxford University Press, 1992.

McFarland, Gerald W. A Scattered People: An American Family Moves West. University of Massachusetts Press, 1985.

C. Language and Terminology

Mathews, Mitford M., comp. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. University of Chicago Press, 1951; repr., 1956.

D. Biographical Reference Works

Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774–1989. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989.

14. The Upper South: North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky

A. North Carolina Piedmont

Cumming, W. P. “The Earliest Permanent Settlement in Carolina: Nathaniel Batts and the Comberford Map.” American Historical Review 45 (1939–40): 55–63.

Powell, William S., ed. Ye Countie of Albemarle in Carolina: A Collection of Documents, 1664–1675. State Department of Archives and History, 1958.

B. Tennessee: Watauga and Early Settlement

Dixon, Max. The Wataugans. Tennessee Historical Commission, 1976.

Donelson, John. “Journal of a Voyage Intended by God’s Permission, in the Good Boat Adventure.” Tennessee Historical Society Collections. Manuscript, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

Driver, Carl. John Sevier, Pioneer of the Old Southwest. University of North Carolina Press, 1932.

Hardeman, Nicholas Perkins. Wilderness Calling: The Hardeman Family in the American Westward Movement, 1750–1900. University of Tennessee Press, 1977.

McBride, Robert M., and Dan Robison, eds. Biographical Directory of the Tennessee General Assembly, vol. 1, 1796–1861. Tennessee State Library and Archives, 1975.

Spence, Richard Douglas. “John Donelson and the Opening of the Old Southwest.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 50 (Fall 1991): 117–32.

Wrenn, Lynette B. “John Sevier.” In Charles W. Crawford, ed., The Governors of Tennessee, vol. 1, 1790–1835, 31–62. Tennessee Historical Society, 1979.

C. Kentucky: General Studies

Clark, Thomas D. A History of Kentucky. Prentice-Hall, 1937.

Coward, Joan Wells. Kentucky in the New Republic: The Process of Constitution Making. University Press of Kentucky, 1979.

Talbert, Charles Gano. Benjamin Logan, Kentucky Frontiersman. University Press of Kentucky, 1962.

Watlington, Patricia. The Partisan Spirit: Kentucky Politics, 1779–1792. Columbia University Press, 1972.

D. Elite Migration to Kentucky

Dicken-Garcia, Hazel. Western Woods: The Breckinridge Family Moves to Kentucky in 1793. University of Kentucky Press, 1991.

Gill, Harold B., Jr., and George M. Curtis II, eds. “A Virginian’s First Views of Kentucky: David Meade to Joseph Prentis, August 14, 1796.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 90 (1992): 35–58.

Philyaw, Scott. “Virginia’s Western Visions, Political and Cultural Expansion on an Eighteenth-Century Frontier.” PhD diss. University of North Carolina, 1995.

Still, Bayrd. “The Westward Migration of a Planter Pioneer in 1796.” William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd ser., 21 (1941): 23–41.

Terry, Gail S. “Family Empires: A Frontier Elite in Virginia and Kentucky, 1740–1815.” PhD diss., College of William and Mary, 1992.

Winship, Marion Nelson. “The Portable Planter: Virginia Gentry Travel across the Appalachians, 1790–1810.” Paper read at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, Atlanta, November 6, 1992.

E. Kentucky Consumer Culture

Perkins, Elizabeth A. “The Consumer Frontier: Household Consumption in Early Kentucky.” Journal of American History 78 (1991–92): 486–510

15. The Deep South: Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi

A. Georgia

Coulter, E. Merton. Old Petersburg and the Broad River Valley of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, 1965.

Cunyus, Lucy Josephine. The History of Bartow County (Formerly Cass) [Georgia]. 1933. Reprint, Southern Historical Press, 1976.

Saggus, Charles. “Agrarian Arcadia: Anglo-Virginians in Georgia: The Greater Planters of Wilkes County, Georgia, in the 1850s.” Typescript, courtesy of the author, Augusta College, ca. 1980s.

B. Alabama and Mississippi

Baldwin, Joseph Glover. The Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi. 1854. Reprint, Hill and Wang, 1957.

Hunter, Phyllis. Research on Virginia Revolutionary War veterans in Alabama, based on U.S. Pension Rolls (1835). Virginia Historical Society.

16. The Northwest Territory: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois

A. General Studies and Land Policy

Bond, Beverley W., Jr. The Civilization of the Old Northwest: A Study of Political, Social, and Economic Development, 1788–1812. Macmillan, 1934..

B. French Exploration and the Ohio Country

Lambing, A. A., ed. “Céleron’s Journal.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 29 (1920): 1–37.

Marshall, H. “Céleron’s Expedition to the Ohio in 1749.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 29 (1920): 38–60.

C. George Washington and Western Lands

Acton, George B. “George Washington Looks Westward.” Michigan History Magazine 16 (1932): 127–42.

Ambler, Charles H. George Washington and the West. University of North Carolina Press, 1936.

Cook, Roy Bird. Washington’s Western Lands. Shenandoah Publishing House, 1930.

Hixon, Ada Hope. “George Washington, Land Speculator.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 11 (1919): 201–15.

Jackson, Donald, and Dorothy Twohig, eds. The Diaries of George Washington. 6 vols. University Press of Virginia, 1976–79.

Ketchum, Richard M. The World of George Washington. American Heritage Publishing, 1974.

Titus, James. The Old Dominion at War: Society, Politics, and Warfare in Late Colonial Virginia. University of South Carolina Press, 1991.

Wayland, John W. “Washington West of the Blue Ridge.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 48 (1940): 34–51.

D. George Rogers Clark and the Revolutionary West

Bakeless, John E. Background to Glory: The Life of George Rogers Clark. Lippincott, 1951.

George Rogers Clark Papers, 1771–1781. Illinois State Historical Society Collections 8. Illinois State Historical Society, 1912.

Rankin, Hugh F. George Rogers Clark and the Winning of the West. Virginia Historical Society, 1976.

E. Ohio Settlement and Politics

Clayton, Andrew R. L. “Land, Power, and Reputation: The Cultural Dimensions of Politics in the Ohio Country.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 47 (1990): 689–720.

F. Indiana and Illinois

Curti, Merle. The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in Frontier County. Stanford University Press, 1959.

Stevenson, Adlai E. Major Campaign Speeches of Adlai E. Stevenson, 1952. Random House, 1952.

17. Trans-Mississippi West: Missouri, Arkansas, Texas

A. Louisiana Territory and Early Exploration

Garrison, George P. “A Memorandum of M. Austin’s Journey from the Lead Mines in the County of Wythe in the State of Virginia to the Lead Mines in the Province of Louisiana West of the Mississippi, 1796–1797.” American Historical Review 5 (1899–1900): 108–21.

Malone, Dumas. Jefferson the Virginian. Little, Brown, 1948.

Robertson, James A., ed. Louisiana under the Rule of Spain, France, and the United States, 1785–1807. 2 vols. Arthur H. Clark, 1911.

B. Missouri Settlement

Nagel, Paul C. Missouri: A History. University Press of Kansas, 1988.

Parrish, William E., ed. A History of Missouri. 5 vols. University of Missouri Press, 1971–.

Weinberg, Albert K. Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935.

C. Texas: Revolution and Republic

“A Virginian ‘Ranger’ of Texas [William A. A. Wallace].” Virginia Cavalcade 5 (Summer 1955): 40–43.

Campbell, Randolph B. An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865. Louisiana State University Press, 1989.

Kemp, Louis Wiltz. The Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence. Anson Jones Press, 1944.

Webb, Walter Prescott, ed. The Handbook of Texas. 3 vols. Texas State Historical Association, 1952–76.

D. Sam Houston: Biographical Studies

Braider, Donald. Solitary Star: A Biography of Sam Houston. Putnam, 1974.

DeBruhl, Marshall. Sword of San Jacinto: A Life of Sam Houston. Random House, 1993.

James, Marquis. The Raven: A Biography of Sam Houston. Doubleday, 1929.

Williams, John Hoyt. Sam Houston: A Biography of the Father of Texas. Free Press, 1993.

Wisehart, Marion K. Sam Houston, American Giant. Public Affairs Press, 1962.

18. The Far West: Oregon, California, Nevada

A. The Oregon Trail

Mattes, Merrill J. Platte River Road Narratives. University of Illinois Press, 1988.

Walker, Joel P. A Pioneer of Pioneers: Narrative of Adventures thro’ Alabama, Florida, New Mexico, Oregon, California, etc. Ward Ritchie Press, 1953.

B. The California Gold Rush

Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of California. Vol. 6, 1848–59. In The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. 23. Wallace Hebberd, 1980.

Barnes, Alton Brooks Parker. Gold Fever and a Virginia Doctor. Eastern Shore Historical Society, 1989.

Henley, Bernard J. “A Richmonder in Search of Gold: The 1849 California Gold Rush.” Richmond Quarterly 3 (Winter 1980): 15–27.

Read, Georgia Willis, and Ruth Gaines, eds. Gold Rush: The Journals, Drawings, and Other Papers of J. Goldsborough Bruff. Columbia University Press, 1944.

C. California: Society and Elite Formation

Batman, Richard Dale. “The California Political Frontier: Democratic or Bureaucratic.” Journal of the West 7 (1968): 461–70.

Burchell, R. A. “The Character and Function of a Pioneer Elite: Rural California, 1848–1880.” Journal of American Studies 15 (1981): 23–45.

Muscatine, Doris. Old San Francisco: A Biography of a City from Early Days to the Earthquake. Putnam, 1975.

D. Lord Fairfax of California

Cartmell, T. K. An Historic Sketch of the Two Fairfax Families in Virginia. Eddy Press, 1913.

E. Nevada

Carlson, Helen S. Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press, 1974.

19. Mountain Men and Frontiersmen

Alter, J. C. James Bridger: Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout, and Guide. Shepard Book Company, 1925.

The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Harper & Brothers, 1856.

The Story of the Great American West. Reader’s Digest, 1977.

Vestal, Stanley. Jim Bridger, Mountain Man. Morrow, 1946.

20. Revolutionary and Early National Leaders

Royster, Charles. Light-Horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolution. Knopf, 1982.

Part IV: Consequences—The Impact on Virginia (1780–1860)

21. Demographic and Economic Decline

Abbott, Richard H. “Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia, 1840–1860.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 76 (1968): 259–75.

Dabney, Virginius. Virginia: The New Dominion. Doubleday, 1971.

Goldfield, H. David R. Urban Growth in the Age of Sectionalism: Virginia, 1847–1861. Louisiana State University Press, 1977.

Sutton, Robert P. “Nostalgia, Pessimism, and Malaise: The Doomed Aristocrat in Late-Jeffersonian Virginia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 76 (1968): 34–58.

Trist Papers. Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

22. The Domestic Slave Trade

A. General Studies

Bancroft, Frederic. Slave-Trading in the Old South. J. H. Furst, 1931.

Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South. University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

23. Slave Conspiracies and the Slavery Debate

A. Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800)

Egerton, Douglas R. Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802. University of North Carolina Press, 1993.

B. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Duff, John, and Peter Mitchell, eds. The Nat Turner Rebellion: The Historical Event and the Modern Controversy. Harper & Row, 1971.

Halasz, Nicholas. The Rattling Chains: Slave Unrest and Revolt in the Antebellum South. Scribner’s, 1966.

C. General Studies of Slave Resistance

Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. International Publishers, 1963.

Carroll, Joseph. Slave Insurrections in the United States, 1800–1865. Chapman & Grimes, 1938.

D. The Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831–32

Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829–1830. Samuel Shepherd, 1830.

Freehling, Alison Goodyear. Drift toward Dissolution: The Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831–1832. Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

Robert, Joseph Clarke. The Road from Monticello: A Study of the Virginia Slavery Debate of 1832. Historical Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society 24. Duke University Press, 1941.

E. Antislavery Voices in Virginia

Eaton, Clement. Freedom of Thought Struggle in the Old South. 1940. Reprint, Harper & Row, 1964.

Eaton, Clement. The Mind of the Old South. Louisiana State University Press, 1967.

24. Literary Responses and Cultural Nostalgia

A. Antebellum Virginia Novels

Bohner, Charles H. “Swallow Barn: John P. Kennedy’s Chronicle of Virginia Society.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 68 (1960): 131–48.

Kennedy, John Pendleton. Swallow Barn. J. B. Lippincott, 1860.

Tucker, George. The Valley of Shenandoah, or, Memoirs of the Graysons. 2 vols. Bliss & White, 1824.

Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley. George Balcombe: A Novel. 2 vols. Shepherd & Pollard, 1836.

B. Elite Figures and Nostalgia

Garland, Hugh A. The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke. 2 vols. D. Appleton, 1850.

25. Political Culture and Democracy

Shalhope, Robert E. The Roots of Democracy: American Thought and Culture, 1760–1800. Twayne, 1990.

Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Knopf, 1992.

26. Revolution and Sectional Tensions

Berlin, Ira, and Ronald Hoffman, eds. Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution. University Press of Virginia, 1983.

Part V: African American Migration: Forced and Free (1780–1865)

27. African Colonization: Liberia

Gunther, John. Inside Africa. Harper, 1955.

Smith, James Wesley. Sojourners in Search of Freedom: The Settlement of Liberia by Black Americans. University Press of America, 1987.

Miller, Randall M., ed. Dear Master: Letters of a Slave Family. Cornell University Press, 1978.

Tyler-McGraw, Marie, ed. “’The Prize I Mean Is the Prize of Liberty’: A Loudoun County Family in Liberia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 97 (1989): 405–26.

Wiley, Bell I., ed. Slaves No More: Letters from Liberia, 1833–1869. University Press of Kentucky, 1980.

Part VI: The Virginia Legacy in Western Culture (1780–1900)

28. Architecture and the Built Environment

A. General Studies and Theory

Loth, Calder, ed. The Virginia Landmarks Register. 3rd ed. University Press of Virginia, 1987.

Rasmussen, William M. S., and Richard Guy Wilson. The Making of Virginia Architecture. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, 1992.

Thrower, Norman J. W. Original Survey and Land Subdivision: A Comparative Study of the Form and Effect of Contrasting Cadastral Surveys. Association of American Geographers Monograph Series, 4. Rand McNally, 1966.

B. Log Construction and Vernacular Architecture

Hutslar, Donald A. The Architecture of Migration: Log Construction in the Ohio Country, 1750–1850. Ohio University Press, 1986.

Kniffen, Fred B., and Henry Glassie. “Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective.” Geographical Review 54 (1966): 40–66.

Wilhelm, Hubert. Log Cabins and Castles: Virginia Settlers in Ohio. Videotape. Ohio Landscape Productions, 1991.

C. Regional Architectural Studies

Lancaster, Clay. Antebellum Architecture of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky, 1991.

Lane, Mills. Architecture of the Old South: North Carolina. Beehive Press, 1985.

Lane, Mills. Architecture of the Old South: Virginia. Beehive Press, 1987.

D. Elite Family Houses in the West

Cary, Wilson Miles. “The Dandridges of Virginia.” William and Mary Quarterly, 1st ser., 5 (1896): 20–45.

Gamble, Robert. “Endangered Aristocrats.” Alabama Heritage 23 (Winter 1992): 12–19.

Kennedy, Mary Selden. Seldens of Virginia and Allied Families. Grafton Press, 1910.

29. Political Culture and Legal Traditions

Brown, Elizabeth G. British Statutes in American Law, 1776–1836. University of Michigan Law School, 1964.

Childs, James Rives. Reliques of the Rives. J. P. Bell, 1929.

Davis, Richard Beale. “The Jeffersonian Virginia Expatriate in the Building of the Nation.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 70 (1962): 259–82.

Fox, Dixon Ryan, ed. Sources of Culture in the Middle West: Backgrounds versus Frontier. 1934. Reprint, Octagon Books, 1964.

Williamson, Chilton. American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860. Princeton University Press, 1960.

Wright, Benjamin F. “Democracy and the Frontier.” Yale Review 20 (1930–31): 630–49.

30. Economic Development and Innovation

A. Agriculture

Gray, Lewis Cecil. History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860. 2 vols. Carnegie Institution, 1941.

B. The McCormick Reaper and Industrial Innovation

Casson, Herbert N. Cyrus Hall McCormick: His Life and Work. University of Chicago Press, 1930.

McCormick, Cyrus. The Century of the Reaper. Houghton Mifflin, 1931.

31. Honor, Dueling, and Social Culture

Leazer, Linda. “Randolph of Roanoke on the Field of Honor.” Virginia Historical Society: An Occasional Bulletin, no. 53 (1986).

Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South. Oxford University Press, 1982.

32. Visual Arts

Bloch, K. Maurice. The Paintings of George Caleb Bingham: A Catalogue Raisonné. University of Missouri Press, 1986.

Pennington, Estill Curtis. William Edward West, 1788–1857: Kentucky Painter. National Portrait Gallery, 1985.

33. Virginia’s Decline and National Narratives

Adams, Henry. History of the United States of America. 9 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1889–91.

Rouse, Parke, Jr. Below the James Lies Dixie: Smithfield and Southside Virginia. 1968. Reprint, Dietz Press, 1972.

Conclusion

Turner, Frederick Jackson.Frontier and Section: Selected Essays. Classics in History Series. Prentice-Hall, 1961.¹

1. This bibliography lists most of the works from the book’s endnotes and lists and links to every work that can be found on Archive.org and a few other sites.